ECOLOGICAL, MILITARY-POLITICAL, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF MIGRATION PROCESSES IN CENTRAL ASIA IN ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Abstract
This article analyzes, from a historical and archaeological perspective, the ecological, military-political, socio-economic, and ethnocultural factors of migration processes that took place in Central Asia in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. The study reveals the influence of the region’s geographical position within the Eurasian continent, its natural and climatic conditions, processes of aridization, river valleys, foothill zones, pasture resources, mining raw materials, and trade-communication routes on population movements. On the basis of archaeological materials, ancient Persian inscriptions, accounts of classical authors, Chinese chronicles, Arab-Persian sources, and modern historiographical interpretations, migrations are assessed not as accidental demographic phenomena in the history of Central Asia, but as complex historical processes that shaped economic-cultural types, institutions of statehood, urban traditions, and ethnocultural integration. The article examines migration processes in the context of ecological crises, struggles for water and pasture resources, political pressure, military campaigns, control over trade routes, and interactions between the local population and incoming migrant groups.
Keywords
Central Asia, migration, ecological factors, aridization, pastoral tribes, sedentary population, Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, Huns, Yuezhi, Hephthalites, Turkic tribes, statehood, urbanization, ethnocultural integration.How to Cite
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